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The Dess-Martin oxidation is a method used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones using the Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP). 1

Finding the Product for a 1° Alcohol

This section is a brief overview on how to find the product for a 1° Alcohol (Primary) using a example from a real scientific research paper.

Propose a Mechanism.

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Identify the Right Reagents

Often times, Dess Martin Oxidation is always performed with DMP and a solvent. Usually DMP prefers DCM as a solvent it is highly soluble in DCM. This applies to both primary and secondary alcohol oxidations.

If you did not read the Reagent Variations section on the Dess-Martin Oxidation Overview, please check it out. It is highly recommended to review the information as it covers the variations and key characteristics of key Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP).
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Identify the Key Features of the Compound

Alcohol Type

These are the 3 main types of alcohols:

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
Tertiary alcohols cannot go through Dess-Martin oxidation.
  • Primary alcohols can go through Dess-Martin Oxidation to become an Aldehyde.

By identifying the Alcohol Type, you now know the product to expect.

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Identifying Side Chains and Alcohol Conversion

Tracking Side Chains and Alcohol Conversion.

In Dess-Martin oxidation of primary alcohols, the process involves assigning one side chain (R) to understand the reaction better.

The colored side chain represents an R group that remains unchanged during the reaction. The alcohol group is selectively oxidized to form an aldehyde. For educational purposes, we conceptually assign the non-alcohol group as R (Side chain) to visualize the changes and reconstruct the molecule post-reaction.

The molecule isn’t taken apart during the reaction, but for understanding the process, we conceptually take it apart to visualize the changes. This allows for easy reconstruction of the molecule after oxidation, emphasizing the selective nature of the reaction for educational purposes.

Guide to Side Chains

  1. Assign the Side Chain (R): Identify the non-alcohol part of the molecule and assign it as the placeholder ‘R’ or side chain.

  2. Understand Its Role: This placeholder helps track the unchanged part of the molecule, aiding in visualizing the structure before and after the reaction.

  3. Focus on the Reaction Center: The primary alcohol is selectively oxidized to form an aldehyde. The placeholder shows how the structure is altered.

  4. Reassign the Side Chain: After the reaction, reattach the placeholder R to the new aldehyde, demonstrating the unchanged nature of the side chain.

Disclaimer Warning for Writing Products

Variations on how Aldehydes may appear.

They may be differently presented in different questions as shown in the image, however they are the same structure.

Once you’ve identified the correct reaction and product, you can now proceed to doing the mechanism.

Mechanism for 1° Alcohol

This section is a brief overview on how to perform the mechanism for a 1° Alcohol (Primary) using the example from above.

1

Reactive Intermediate Formation

Formation of Reactive Intermediate.

Alcohol group (-OH) performs a nucleophilic attack on the iodine center of the DMP molecule, forming a complex with the iodine. Acetoxy group is expelled and acts as a good leaving group that leaves with an extra electron pair.

This step involves the alcohol group attacking the iodine center of the Dess-Martin Periodinane (DMP), resulting in a complex where the alcohol is temporarily bonded to the iodine. During this reaction, an OAc group is expelled from the compound. The expelled OAc group, initially part of the molecule as an acetoxy group, becomes a negatively charged acetate ion (CH₃COO⁻) once it leaves. This transition occurs because the OAc group acts as a good leaving group, taking an extra electron pair with it, thereby gaining a negative charge and stabilizing as an acetate ion.

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Stabilization with Acetate Ion

Charge Stabilization using a Acetate Ion.

The newly formed intermediate is stabilized by the previously expelled OAc (Acetoxy) group (now an acetate ion).

The stabilization of the intermediate occurs when the acetate ion interacts with the intermediate, ensuring the reaction progresses smoothly by stabilizing the charge.

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Product Formation and Acetic Acid Recovery

Acetic Acid Recovery and Product Formation.

Acetic acid is recovered, and the intermediate undergoes proton transfer initiated by another acetate ion to form the aldehyde product.

In the final steps, one mole of acetic acid is recovered. The intermediate then undergoes a proton transfer, initiated by another acetate ion, leading to the formation of the aldehyde product.

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Overview of Final Products

Overall Products recovered post-oxidation.

Formation of the aldehyde product and iodinane and acetic acid as by-products.

The overall products of the Dess-Martin oxidation include the aldehyde formed from the primary alcohol, iodinane as a by-product, and the recovery of two moles of acetic acid.

Finding the Product for a 2° Alcohol

This section is a brief overview on how to find the product for a 2° Alcohol (Secondary) using a example from a real scientific research paper.

Propose a Mechanism for this Reaction.

Oxidation of a secondary alcohol intermediate to an ketone. The groundwork to determine the product is similar to how a primary alcohol is converted.

1

Identify the Right Reagents

Dess Martin Oxidation is always performed with DMP and a solvent, DCM, in our case which applies to both primary and secondary alcohol oxidations.

Once again, if you did not read the Reagent Variations section on the Dess-Martin Oxidation Overview, please check it out. It is highly recommended to review the information as it covers the variations and key characteristics of key Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP).
2

Identify the Key Features of the Compound

Alcohol Type

These are the 3 main types of alcohols:

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
Tertiary alcohols cannot go through Dess-Martin oxidation.
  • Primary alcohols can go through Dess-Martin Oxidation to become an Aldehyde.

By identifying the Alcohol Type, you now know the product to expect.

3

Identifying Side Chains and Alcohol Conversion

Tracking Side Chains and Alcohol Conversion in Dess-Martin Oxidation

In Dess-Martin oxidation of secondary alcohols, the colored side chains represent R groups that remain unchanged during the reaction.

The alcohol group is selectively oxidized to form a ketone. For educational purposes,parts of the molecule are assigned and used as placeholders to demonstrate the reaction. Students! Please use parts of the molecule as placeholders: R¹ can be one part of the molecule on one side of the molecule and R² can be the remainder of the full molecule (except the secondary alcohol and the first side chain of course). This allows for easy reconstruction of the molecule after oxidation, to visually see the selective nature of the reaction.

The molecule isn’t taken apart during the reaction, but for understanding the process, we conceptually take it apart to visualize the changes. This allows for easy reconstruction of the molecule after oxidation, emphasizing the selective nature of the reaction for educational purposes.
  1. Identify Side Chains (R¹ and R²): Use parts of the molecule as placeholders (R¹ and R²), representing parts of the molecule flanking the alcohol group.

  2. Understand Their Role: These placeholders help track the unchanged parts of the molecule, aiding in visualizing the structure before and after the reaction.

  3. Focus on the Reaction Center: The secondary alcohol is selectively oxidized to form a ketone. The placeholders show how the structure is altered.

  4. Reassign Side Chains: After the reaction, reattach the placeholders (R¹ and R²) to the new ketone, demonstrating the unchanged nature of the side chains.

Once you’ve identified the correct reaction and product, you can now proceed to doing the mechanism.

Mechanism for 2° Alcohol

This section is a brief overview on how to perform the mechanism for a 2° Alcohol (Secondary) using the example from above.

1

Reactive Intermediate Formation

Formation of Reactive Intermediate with Secondary Alcohol

The mechanism follows the same steps as the primary alcohol oxidation but includes an additional side chain.

In this step, the secondary alcohol group (-OH) reacts with the Dess-Martin Periodinane (DMP), similar to the primary alcohol mechanism. The difference lies in the presence of an additional side chain (R²) attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group.

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Stabilization with Acetate Ion

Stabilization of Reactive Intermediate Using an Acetate Ion

The intermediate is stabilized by the expelled OAc group (Acetoxy group).The expelled acetoxy group becomes an acetate ion (CH₃COO⁻).

After the initial reaction, the intermediate is stabilized by the expulsion of the acetoxy group (OAc). In the molecule, the OAc group is initially an acetoxy group (CH₃COO-). However, once it is expelled from the Dess-Martin Periodinane (DMP), it becomes an acetate ion (CH₃COO⁻). This occurs because the acetoxy group acts as a good leaving group, taking an extra electron pair with it and becoming a stable, negatively charged acetate ion.

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Ketone Formation and Acetic Acid Recovery

Formation of Ketone Product and Recovery of Acetic Acid.

Acetic acid is recovered, and the intermediate becomes a ketone after proton transfer.

In this step, one mole of acetic acid is recovered. The intermediate undergoes a proton transfer, initiated by another acetate ion, resulting in the formation of the ketone product and acetic acid as a by-product.

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Final Overall Products

Final Products of Dess-Martin Oxidation with Secondary Alcohol

The products are similar to those in the primary alcohol oxidation mechanism, with the key difference being the formation of a ketone instead of an aldehyde.

The final products of the Dess-Martin oxidation for secondary alcohols include the ketone formed from the secondary alcohol, iodinane as a by-product, and the recovery of two moles of acetic acid.

Sample Problems

Test your Knowledge.

Question 1

Predict the Product.

You do not need to calculate yield

Question 2

Propose a Mechanism for this Reaction.

Summary

The reaction entry summary. Find the general scheme and full summarized mechanisms here.

General Scheme

This section briefly summarizes what can and cannot undergo reactions.

  • 1° Alcohols (Primary) get oxidized to Aldehydes.
  • 2° Alcohols (Secondary) get oxidized to Ketones.
  • 3° Alcohols (Tertiary) do not get oxidized at all.

General Mechanism

This section briefly summarizes steps to find the product and perform the mechanisms.

Quick steps to finding the product for any alcohol

  1. Identify the reagents.
  2. Assign side chains (non alcohol part).
  3. Selectively convert Alcohol to correct product based on alcohol type. Nothing else.
  4. Keep the side chains (non alcohol part) the same and piece together the full molecule together again.
Always remember to repeatedly practice your mechanisms and getting your reagents correct. Take advantage of our materials and/or keep practicing on a whiteboard or paper until you get it right every single time.

References

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  1. Dess, D. B.; Martin, J. C. Readily Accessible 12-I-51 Oxidant for the Conversion of Primary and Secondary Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 4155–4156. DOI: 10.1021/jo00170a070
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